Syringic acid ameliorates ischemia/reperfusion-induced testicular injury in rats via suppressing of HMGB1/NF-kappa B axis and endoplasmic reticulum stress

Abstract

PurposeTo investigate the possible protective role of syringic acid on torsion/detorsion-induced testicular injury using biochemical and histopathological approaches for the first time.MethodsA total of 24 rats were divided into 4 groups: sham control, torsion/detorsion, torsion/detorsion + syringic acid (50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg). Tissue malondialdehyde, total oxidant status and total antioxidant status levels were determined using colorimetric methods. Tissue 8-hydroxy-2 '-deoxyguanosine, superoxide dismutase, catalase, high mobility group box 1, nuclear factor kappa B protein 65, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, myeloperoxidase, 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein, activating transcription factor-6, C/EBP homologous protein and caspase-3 levels were determined using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Johnsen's testicle scoring system was used for histological evaluation.ResultsCompared with the control group, the levels of oxidative stress, inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis were significantly increased in the torsion/detorsion group (p < 0.05). Syringic acid administrations statistically significantly restored these damage in a dose dependent manner (p < 0.05). Moreover, it was found that the results of histological examinations supported the biochemical results to a statistically significant extent.ConclusionThe overall results suggest that syringic acid emerges as a potential compound for the treatment of testicular torsion and may be subject to clinical trials.