Mütekavvi̇m mal tasavvurunun temel beli̇rleyi̇ci̇si̇ olarak “müntefe‘un bi̇h” kavramı ve bazı satış i̇şlemleri̇ne etki̇si̇-hanefî ve şâfi̇î mezhebi̇ özeli̇nde bi̇r i̇nceleme

Abstract

Başta Hanefî mezhebi olmak üzere, “mütekavvim mal” kavramının en önemli kıstaslarından biri, müntefe‘un bih, yani “hukuken faydalanılabilir” olmadır. “Müntefe‘un bih” kavramının müstakil olarak tüm yönleriyle çalışmaya konu edilmesi, İslam hukukunun “meşru mal” tasavvurunu ortaya koyma açısından önem arz etmektedir. Konu, Hanefî ve Şâfiî mezhebi çerçevesinden ele alınmış olup, müntefe‘un bih kavramını esas kabul etmeleri açısından, Hanefî doktrin görüşleri noktasında daha çok detaya girilmiştir Araştırma büyük oranda satım akdini ilgilendirdiği için, birkaç farklı akit dışında teori, bey‘ akdi üzerinden inşa edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı; mütekavvim mal kavramının sınırlarını, bir malın mütekavvim kabul edilmesinde necisliğin mutlak kriter olup olmayacağını ve müntefe‘un bih kavramının bazı akitlerin sıhhatini belirlemedeki etkisini ortaya koymaktır. Araştırma, Hanefi-Şâfiî fürû literatüründe; “müntefe‘un bih”, “mütekavvim” ve “mâliyyet” gibi kavramlar üzerinden detaylı kavram taramaları neticesinde ortaya konulmuş ve yakın zamanda yapılmış çalışmalarla zenginleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın sonucunda, “müntefe‘un bih” kavramına, meselelerin çözümünde temel bir ilke olarak genişçe yer veren mezhebin Hanefîler olduğu gözlemlenmiştir.

As a result of this study, it will clarify the issues such as goods and mutaqawwim. "Muntafa'un bih", that is, "considered legally usable", is an important issue that has been discussed in many subheadings of Islamic law and has not been the subject of research. One of the areas where the concept of muntafa'un bih is decisive is muamalat and in a narrower sense, the sales contract. In a sales contract, the primary condition for a good to be subject to a contract is that it is "muntafa'un bih". The concept of muntafa'un bih also has a relationship with methodological principles such as "foods that are haram or halal to be renewed", "mutaqawwam goods", "need," and "maslahah. In this study, the concept of "muntafa'un bih" is revealed by stating its relationship with concepts such as mutaqavvim and al-mal (goods). In addition, it has been put forward due to a comparative analysis of some controversial legal transactions due to different definitions of goods in the doctrine. Some of the interesting sales examples discussed in the study are Elephant sales, cat-dog sales, silkworm sales, bee sales, sale of predatory animals, myth sales (Animals that died in a way that is not legally deemed appropriate to eat), and fertilizer sale. In the Hanafi sect, accepting a good as legitimate for sale is approached more flexibly, unlike other sects. There are some key concepts behind this. The concept of "muntafa'un bih", is a concept derived from the Quran and Sunnah of Islamic law. They accepted this as a determining criterion in deciding the legitimacy of contracts. In this study, Hanafi imams based their differences of opinion on almost all issues in the mentioned topics with the concept of "muntafa'un bih" bih. The benefit of taking into account the usability of something when deciding to sell it as a commodity is that Muslims are kept away from useless activities. As a matter of fact, in the hadiths, our Prophet stated that one of the things that show how good faith a person has is that he stays away from useless things. He also said that the best people are those who are most helpful to people. In the Surah al-Mu'minun, those who will attain salvation are listed as those who perform their prayers in awe and avoid vain activities. This indicates how important it is to the benefit of people in Islam. With this study, it has been revealed that the main criterion for the good to be subject to sale is that it is muntafa'un bih rather than continuous. The most important result of this is that the sale of pork and wine is permissible for non-Muslims. Because their religion does not prohibit a non-Muslim from using them. Essentially, the equation is very simple. What Hanafis want to say is that Islam forbids the eating of manure, not its sale. Fertiliser is an extremely important factor in the continued production of vegetables and fruits. Likewise, animals such as dogs, whose meat is not legitimate to eat, can be used in another way. For example, shepherds and hunting dogs. This makes it inevitable for them to be subject to a sales contract. Wild and predatory animals can only be used by humans for permissible purposes such as hunting. Likewise, if it is aimed to provide human comfort, such as transportation, they can be used. In all these examples, the condition for using wild animals is that they must be trained. A wild animal that has not been taught cannot be resigned anyway. More precisely, the criterion for being helpful to wild animals is to be trained. Therefore, since feeding animals that benefit people this way is legitimate, their sale is also permissible. According to the Hanafi sect, for goods to be considered mutaqawwim, it must also have an economic value (cost). In addition, it must be permissible in Sharia to benefit from it, even if there is no necessity. At the same time, the subject is missing in recent research. It contains original information about unique concepts such as tamawwul and maliyyah, which are important parameters of the Hanafi sect's concept of property. The concept of "muntafa'un bih" is a concept developed mostly by Hanafis and used in solving problems with a more flexible perspective. Hanafis have accepted as legitimate not only the immediate benefit of the contract but also the transactions that will provide benefits in the future. However, in the Shafi sect, with which we made brief comparisons, it has been observed that the provisions are sometimes justified by being "muntafa'un bih."